Faz 88 anos que eclodiu uma crise financeira e econômica nos EUA. As causas foram exatamente as mesmas que provocaram esta mais recente crise que começou em 2006, deu na vista em 2007 e desde 2008 vem derrubando as economias de vários países pelo mundo inteiro. Foram as leis e as emendas constitucionais que enfraqueceram os EUA antes de depois da Grande Guerra. Políticos motivados pelo altruísmo e pela fé interviram no sentido de tentar melhorar a vida alheia a ponta de armas, e deu no que deu. Apresento a primeira explicação convincente da evolução da crise de 1929. A crise resultou da apreensão pelo futuro, pela percepção de que um bando de fanáticos se apoderou do mecanismo do governo. Na época não existia Partido Libertário em nenhum lugar do mundo, só partidos comunistas, fascistas, religiosos, proibicionistas e saqueadores defensores da economia mista e intervencionista.
Vejamos, em fascículos, como os republicanos e democratas chegaram a tal conjuntura no então mais rico país do mundo...
As notas de rodapé podem ser verificadas no seu contexto online no Google News Archives, Chicago Tribune, e no acervo da memoria.bn.br
Capítulo
39
O
Misterioso City Trust
O caso Steinhardt dominou as manchetes de Nova York,
apesar de as notícias não conterem nenhuma informação intelegível. Em primeiro de fevereiro, Frank M. Ferrari,
presidente da City Trust Co., faleceu em New York City com a bolsa avançando
firme. O Times malocou a notícia
lá na página 27 e poucos perceberam. Aí chegaram as constrangedoras revelações da Liga das
Nações acerca das fabricantes de drogas europeias, o que chamou a atenção a
outras notícias tendo a ver com tóxicos, gerando ainda mais notícias. Nos bastidores, Mabel Willebrandt escreveu um
comunicado ao Procurador Geral Mitchell culpando um William A. DeGroot pela
“desorganização” no gabinete do Procurador dos Estados Unidos da Divisão Leste
de Nova York.
Enquanto isso, a Reserva Federal divulgara os números
para os empréstimos de corretores e – na esteira de um aumento na taxa
preferencial do Bank of England – fez soar outra advertência contra a
“especulação”. Ao mesmo tempo acertava-se o desfecho do caso
dos Big Four em que os elegantes destiladores de Savannah – já
aprisionados por burlar o fisco – foram cobrados $140.000 pelo fisco. Nos calcanhares desta questão de burlar o
fisco veio um parecer na Vara de Responsabilidade Civil Federal que o
Intendente da Receita Federal detinha absoluta autoridade para determinar quais
estoques as empresas podiam ou não contar ao preencher a declaração de
renda. O Juiz Nicholas Sinnott preparou
a opinião, nada asseguradora para os preparadores de declarações de imposto de
renda de pessoas jurídicas. O Conselho da Reserva Federal logo publicou
outra ralhada suscitando a possibilidade de ameaça às reservas de ouro do país.
No encalço disso veio a emenda Harris pleiteando mais $25
milhões em verba para cobrança das leis proibicionistas. De 12 de janeiro a 8 de fevereiro, quando
estava paralisada em impasse entre a câmara e o senado, a proposta fora o foco
de debate contínuo, mordaz e maledicente. Em 13 de fevereiro a comoção chegou ao
plenário da câmara na forma de uma resolução pré-impeachment denunciando o Juiz
Federal Winslow, e atravessou a fronteira canadense na forma de uma caçada
humana pelo advogado foragido Steinhardt. A publicidade destes eventos nos EUA e em
Genebra vinha acompanhada de turbilhões de liquidações nas bolsas a preços
desmoralizados. Da
Bolsa de Valores de Nova York, a bolsa do calçadão e a Bolsa de Philadelphia
vieram comunicados de que estariam fechados no sábado, dia 9 de fevereiro. Nos jornais a discussão da liquidação não
tocou no caso da Naarden, na verba para custear a repressão ou nas brigas de
foice nos bastidores da dita repressão, e concentrou nas recentes ralhadas do
Conselho da Reserva Federal e o aumento dos juros na Inglaterra. Até mesmo o fechamento foi minimizado como
devido a um surto da gripe entre os corretores.
Mas a desconfiança em torno da City Trust Company
remontava para o dia 8 de janeiro, quando o vice-presidente Frederico Ferrari
assinou a declaração negando que o banco teria excesso de empréstimos. O que os jornais e o público não sabiam é que
o Inspetor de Bancos de Nova York, Frank L. Warder, recebeu um suborno de
$20.000 para fazer vista grossa para a insolvência da City Trust e não fechar o
banco. A quebra no mercado ocorreu uma semana após a
morte de Francesco Ferrari, presidente da City Trust, e quatro dias antes de o
Departamento Bancário Estadual fechar suas cinco agências. Interessante notar que a Convenção de
Rádios-telégrafos proclamada em 1º de janeiro trazia a assinatura de um certo
Frn. Ferrari obrigando a Sereníssima República de San Marino a cumprir o tratado. San Marino – pouco mais de 3 km de largura –
situáva-se inteirinha dentro da Itália a pouca distância da fábrica Ferrari de
automóveis. Alguns, impressionado,
queriam saber quão importante fora esse tal de Ferrari. A investigação traria surpresas e dissabores
durante mais três anos. E não se falava
mais no dinheiro do Bank of United States que a National City Bank depositara
na sua agência em Petrogrado.
Espraiavam-e as manifestações anti-inglesas em Bombain,
com mais 28 mortos nas notícias de 11 de fevereiro. Novos tumultos no Afeganistão já inquietavam
a Grã-Bretanha. E as normas recomendadas
pelo Comitê Consultivo sobre o Ópio da Liga das Nações eram extremamente
impopulares entre os oficiais no poder, porém populares com o proletariado na
India Britânica. O cidadão comum lá,
como na China, se sentia explorado pelos monopólios britânicos cobradores da
receita do ópio e do sal. “Santinhos” do
Mahatma Gandhi eram vendidos em todas as feiras e bazares da Índia há
anos. O povo usava gorrinhos Gandhi,
boicoteando e piquetando as lojas de bebidas para secar as fontes de receita
governamental. Gandhi fora incarcerado
por “sedição” em 1922, mas liberado em 1924 após uma apendectomia pelo medo de
que eventualmente morresse na prisão. O
Congresso indiano fazia pouco adotara uma resolução pela independência caso
reconhecimento como Domínio não ocorresse até o final de 1929. Com isso a soberania da Grã-Bretanha fora
questionada, dando início à contagem regressiva para uma confrontação sobre a
hegemonia imperial na India Britânica.
Os jornais ingleses ainda festejavam o caso Naarden da quadrilha de
droga, felizes da vida por poder dividir a culpa com os europeus, para
variar. Mas esta publicidade só poderia
repercutir mal na Índia – onde o número de fatalidades nos tumultos mais
recentes estava em 113 – para não falar na má impressão que daria ao novo
governo Hoover.
Na comarca de Williamson, Illinois, três figuras de
autoridade municipal – o procurador, o médico legista e o chefe da polícia –
eram co-reus com o prefeito de Herrin em um julgamento de quadrilha de
pinga. O vereador Titus Haffa de Chicago
também vinha sendo julgado como chefão numa conspiração de bebida em que três
agentes da repressão estavam implicados. Havia um ambiente de saia justa em Nova York,
onde as autoridades rebolavam para tapar completamente todas e quaisquer
“provas chocantes” envolvendo figurões públicos nas quadrilhas de Arnold
Rothstein. Este trabalho – com o grande
júri fechando o cerco em volta do juiz Winslow – cujas causas de entorpecentes
incluíam o julgamento do Unger e a morte do agente Kerrigan – não era
brincadeira. Em Miami, o procurador
Robert Taylor da comarca de Miami questionou Al Capone, que retrucou com
indignação: “Eu nunca na vida fui
traficante de bebida.”
Saiba como a Lei Seca destruiu completamente a economia dos EUA e fortaleceu o partido Nacionalsocialista da Alemanha. Baratinho em formato Kindle no Amazon. Até com celular você dá um jeito...
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186.Waley, Arthur; The Opium War through Chinese Eyes, Stanford University
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207.American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, the Early Days of
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Para entender a Grande Depressão dos EUA--basta ler.
Na Amazon: A Lei Seca e o Crash. Todo brasileiro entende rapidinho o mecanismo desta crise financeira de 1929. Com isso dá para entender as de 1893, 1907, 1987, 2008 e os Flash Crashes de 2010 e 2015.
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